WASHINGTON—A group of Democrats led by Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer helped Republicans advance a bill Friday to fund the government through September, averting a shutdown but leaving Democrats despondent and deeply divided over how to resist President Trump’s aggressive agenda.

The advance vote: The Senate voted 62-38 to end debate on the bill – a cloture vote – and advance it to a final vote. Nine Democrats and one independent, led by Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., voted in favor of cloture. That vote allowed the bill to pass with a simple majority in the final vote.