For individual insurers, MA coding patterns caused UnitedHealth Group’s average 2021 risk score to be 0.28 (95% CI, 0.26-0.31) higher, significantly larger than the MA industry average of 0.19.

MA plans also varied widely in their coding intensity and resulting revenue. UnitedHealth Group's MA market share was 27% in 2021, but the health insurer received 42% ($13.9 billion) of that $33 ...