Last time on Circuit VR, we looked at creating a very simple common emitter amplifier, but we didn’t talk about how to select the capacitor values, or much about why we wanted them. We are going to ...

Accountants and MBAs use spreadsheets to play “what if” scenarios with business and financial data. Can you do the same thing with electronic circuits? The answer–perhaps not surprisingly–is yes.

One of the more common building blocks of a voltage controlled amplifier (VCA) is a differential pair amplifier. For a VCA configuration, the (top) two bases receive a control voltage for gain control ...

Light-emitting diodes are often used with a voltage source from a power-supply output voltage. The output voltage increases until the current through the LEDs reaches the value of the constant-current ...

This applications note presents some basic facts about phototransistors including its different architectures commonly used in the industry. It discusses its operation and how things work inside these ...

IT is well known that changes in the d.c. characteristics of transistor amplifiers with temperature are particularly severe, and tend to limit the range over which these devices can operate. The d.c.

Hand-marked cards for applications like voting machines and meter readers often have dark marks, light marks, erasures, or dirt. Digital systems can't distinguish between an intended mark, dirt, or ...